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NEWSLETTER 1997/3
Depository
for the collection of synagogal textiles
The Jewish Museum this year has successfully brought to completion one
of its important on-going projects, the purpose of which was to insure
optimal conditions for the storing of the synagogal textiles: synagogal
curtains, Torah mantles, valances and synagogal covers. In the framework
of the project special equipment was designed and constructed ”tailor-made”
to meet the needs of this part of the museum’s holdings. The work on
the equipment’s development was initiated in May 1995, and after testing
and specific modifications in the production of the prototype its full
installation was put into effect in February 1997 with a total cost
in excess of 152,000 USD. The equipment consists of an electrically
controlled mobile cart and ten containers with fourteen drawers, each
of which has a 4.60m2 capacity. With respect to the given parameters,
the equipment guarantees maximally favorable conditions for the careful
handling of rare textiles, for the curtains are deposited in a horizontal
position and in single drawers. For the largest curtains, for which
these spacious drawers are insufficient, two separate tables are being
constructed. At the same time a solution was found for storing the Torah
mantles: they were hung in metal stands in two rows, one above the other.
Placed in each stand are 200 mantles. Over a period of five months (February
- June) this year a work team in the depository under the direction
of Ing. Petr Novák placed in storage more than 6,000 pieces of textile
(2,360 curtains and 4,000 Torah mantles). At the present time a special
case is being prepared for valance storage. Given the extent of the
textile collection placed in the depository a separate computer program
was developed that not only allows for a continuous record of the textiles
deposited, but also gives the location of a piece in the depository.
In this way the program enables one to quickly and more easily locate
an individual curtain or mantle should the need arise, and physically
search for, if need be determine, its actual utilization (e.g., loan,
restoration).
The depository is located outside of Prague in a synagogue that was
constructed in oriental style during the year 1870-71. It served religious
purposes until the Second World War. After the war it remained closed,
and in 1977 the former State Jewish Museum began to make use of the
space as a depository for the collection of synagogal textiles. Since
1993 extensive repairs of the actual structure of the synagogue have
been underway and they will be completed this year with a cost of approximately
60,610 USD. In connection with the repairs, a fire protection and security
system was installed. A component of the interior equipment is a system
of instruments that consistently measure the humidity and temperature
of the depository.
The unveiling of a commemorative plaque
to Dr. Tobiáš Jakobovits
This year marked the 110th year since the birth of Dr. Tobiáš Jakobovits,
prominent scholar and librarian of the Prague Jewish community. On the
occasion of this anniversary in May 1997 a commemorative plaque was
unveiled to Dr. Jakobovits and his wife Berta in the administrative
building of the Jewish Museum in Prague on Jáchymova Street.
Dr. Jakobovits was one of the most accomplished Judaists in Europe of
his generation. Through his activity in Prague he markedly influenced
the level of Prague Jewish studies. In his scholarly work he dedicated
himself primarily to old Hebrew prints and manuscripts and to the history
of Jews in the Czech lands, particularly in Prague. Besides these studies
Dr. Jakobovits directed his attention to modernizing and enlarging the
Prague Jewish Community’s library. He began working in the Prague Jewish
Community’s library, which has served the public since 1874, as an assistant
in 1912. In 1922 he took over the function of librarian from Prof. Isidore
Pollak . The success of his work connects him to his prominent predecessors,
who before Prof. Pollak were Koppelman Lieben and Dr. Nathan Grün. At
the same time Dr. Jakobovits acted as a teacher of the religion and
a rabbi.
Dr. Jakobovits was one of the initiators for creating the wartime Central
Jewish Museum that was established by the occupation government of Nazi
Germany in 1942. Thanks to having this idea put into effect a number
of valuable Jewish art objects, which came to Prague from the liquidated
synagogues and communities in Bohemia and Moravia, were concentrated
in the museums depositories, and because of this saved. As a generally
recognized expert, Dr. Jakobovits became the museum’s director. He acted
in this function until autumn 1944 when he was deported along with his
wife Berta to Auschwitz where he perished. By unveiling this commemorative
plaque the Jewish Museum in Prague is repaying a historical debt that
it could not before. The solemn event was attended by, in addition to
representatives of the Jewish Community in Prague, Dr. Jakobovits’s
son, Moshe Jakobovits, and his wife. They currently live in Israel.
The moving of the Jewish Museum’s library
holdings
to a new depository
As we have already informed readers of the Newsletter in previous issues,
this year the Jewish Museum has begun general repairs of the Spanish
Synagogue, which is an architectural cultural landmark from the second
half of the 19th century. The realization of this project has also brought
an answer to the question of where to locate several tens of thousands
of books that due to insufficent availability of space have been concentrated
in the gallery of the Spanish Synagogue. The milieu and the method of
storing the library’s holdings was not, as is indicated by the archival
photograph of the synagogue, very suitable. In addition, the books deposited
here were not accessible to readers. The only solution envisaged building
an entirely new depository, and this in the structure directly adjacent
to the Spanish Synagogue. Therefore at the beginning of 1996 a project
was drawn up for the construction of a new modern depository outfitted
with compact shelving like those of the library depository in the administrative
building of the Jewish Museum on Jáchymova Street. The installation
of the technical equipment and the moving of the library’s holdings
preceded the necessary modifications of the new rooms which were completed
by the beginning of 1997 with a cost of approximately 12,125 USD.
The library’s holdings were moved to the newly created depository from
February to the end of June 1997. The physical relocation of the books
was undertaken by an external firm and at the same time the library’s
holdings were newly filed. During this operation library employees under
the direction of Alena Jelínková arranged the call-numbers (in numerical
order) and simultaneously carried out a review. The review brought to
light the necessity for greater accuracy in a succession of cases, respectively,
corrections of the call-numbers and supplementing them with new call-numbers.
The extent and exacting nature of this work is best described by the
following datum:
20,000 volumes were transferred in February and March 1997. From April
to June 1997 further sections of the library’s holdings were moved –
12,000 volumes – that had been deposited in the administrative building
of the Jewish Museum on Jáchymova Street. The entire expense for the
construction of the new depository reached 54,000 USD. Its opening in
June 1997 marked the completion of an important, but in no way the final,
stage in the reconstruction of the Jewish Museum’s library. In September
1997 the moving will begin of the enormously valuable pre-war holdings
of the Prague Jewish Community’s former library, which in the meantime
are deposited in the administrative building of the museum.
The exhibition in the Klaus Synagogue
Running from June to August 1997 in the Jewish Museum was the exhibition
The Architecture of Destroyed Synagogues, the curator of which was Dr.
Arno Pařík . It was the first comprehensive treatment of the theme of
synagogal architecture on the grounds of the Jewish Museum since 1986,
when the then State Jewish Museum organized the exhibition Prague Synagogues.
Considering the breadth of information and the extent of the documents
displayed the exhibition was unique. The preserved material: architectural
designs, plans, period engravings, pictures, old photographs of the
edifices in the time of their flourishing and shots of their doleful
fate during Nazi Germany’s occupation and then the communist regime
provided visitors with a glimpse into the rich history of synagogues
in the lands of Bohemia and Moravia.
At the end of the last century there were still close to 400 synagogues
in Czech territory. From November 1938 until the end of the war the
Nazis set fire to or destroyed by other means about sixty synagogues,
and under the communist regime a further ninety synagogues were demolished,
for the most part needlessly. At the beginning of the 1990s there existed
in the Czech Republic 200 synagogues which served a variety of uses
– they served as apartments, houses of worship for other religions,
storehouses, exhibition halls, or depositories for the local museums.
Only four were employed for religious services: the Old-New Synagogue,
Jeruzalémská Synagogue, and High Synagogue in Prague and a synagogue
in Brno, South Moravia.
The synagogal architecture in Bohemia and Moravia, despite being an
interesting chapter in the history of Jewish culture, had not been treated
from the discipline of Art History until now. Therefore the Jewish Museum
is planning a publication devoted to this theme, which will contain
in addition to the text a wealth of documentation material.
The Torah Scrolls from Czechoslovakia
In the Newsletter 2/1996 we referred to the fate of Torah Scrolls which
had been moved from Czechoslovakia to London in the early 1960s and
stored in the Westminsters Synagogue. The Czech Memorial Scrolls Committee
was set up for the purpose of caring for the Scrolls. We would like
to introduce Mrs. Ruth Shaffer who played a major role in the activities
of this Committee almost from the very beginning and nowadays she has
been involved in the Czech Memorial Scrolls Trust.
I. Mrs. Shaffer, what was the main purpose
of the Czech Memorial Scrolls Committee and what was your function in
this Committee?
The Czech Memorial Scrolls Committee was set up to care for the Torah
scrolls that arrived here from Czechoslovakia in 1964 and to establish
a set of conditions under which we would be able to allocate the scrolls
to the very many establishments that had written to us when the scrolls
arrived. When the scrolls arrived I was asked to become Honorary Secretary
of the committee. When the Trust was formed I became one of the four
Trustees and a co-chairman with Miss Constance Stuart. We gave an undertaking
that the project would be of a non-commercial nature and we have upheld
this undertaking. The scrolls are allocated on permanent loan only.
We keep trace of each scroll that has been sent. We have a card index
of all the information about each scroll and where it eventually found
a home. Most of the scrolls have gone to congregations but also to Holocaust
Museums, Libraries, Universities and Institutions of Learning. No scroll
goes to a private individual.
II. What measures were immediately taken after the Torah scrolls
were stored in Westminster Synagogue?
We have undertaken the massive responsibility of caring for 1564 scrolls
from Bohemia and Moravia, probably the largest consignment of its kind
in the world. Many of which were in a desperate and terrible condition
after lying for so many years in a damp basement of a then un-used synagogue
(now a Hussite church) outside Prague. To have evolved a program of
housing, examining and classifying each scroll on a card index and then
to have organised their distribution was in itself a daunting undertaking.
The work of classification was done by three student scribes under the
supervision of Rabbi Harold Reinhart and Rabbi Toledano and took some
eighteen months to accomplish. The miraculous arrival of Mr. Brand,
our scribe from Jerusalem, heralded a working relationship of over twenty-four
years. Little did he or we think , when he so innocently rang our bell
so many years ago asking if we had any Torahs to fix, that he would
be with us for so many years.
III. How many Torah scrolls remain in the Czech Memorial Scrolls
Centre’s care?
After thirty-three years we are now left with approximately 100–125
scrolls in a desperate and tragic condition. Yet quite a few organisations
would like to have one of these scrolls as a Memorial to the Holocaust.
IV. What is the purpose of the Czech Memorial Scrolls Centre?
The Centre has an exhibition about the Czech scrolls and the history
of the Czech Jews.The Centre is open every Tuesday and Thursday from
10 am to 4 pm. Visitors come to see the Centre from all over the world
including schools of every religious denomination.
V. Over the course of your work in the Centre certainly you have
experienced a number of touching stories
There was a truly remarkable story of a scroll from Nachod. We sent
a scroll to a congregation in Staten Island, N.Y. The Rabbi in Staten
Island heard that there was a Rabbi in Manhattan who originally came
from Náchod. This rabbi was a spiritual advisor to another congregation.
His very first congregation was in Náchod. After leaving Czechoslovakia
in 1936 he came to London and then to New Zealand and Australia. From
there he went to the United States and in the last twenty years his
home was in the upper reaches of Manahattan. And in October 1975 the
Torah and the Rabbi were reunited.
Thank you for speaking with us.
The Jewish Museum has in its holdings an array of
synagogal objects from the Jewish communities of Bohemia and Moravia
that were abolished by the Nazi occupation. Many of them came from the
same location, like the Torah scrolls, which through the mediation of
the above mentioned Centre have found their way to Jewish communities
or other institutions practically throughout the entire world. We would
be very pleased to correspond with all organizations with whom these
scrolls have found a new home. If interested, please contact us at the
following address:
Jewish Museum in Prague,
Jáchymova 3,
110 01 Prague 1,
Czech Republic,
Fax: 0042 02 231 0681,
E-mail: zmp@ort.ecn.cz
Visits to the Jewish Museum
June 1997: The Jewish Museum welcomed to its historic sites academic
representatives, professors, and sponsors from Bar-Ilan University in
Tel Aviv. The group of guests was led by the President of Bar-Ilan University,
Prof. Moshe Kaveh and its rector Prof. Yehuda Friedlender. Bar-Ilan
University is the third largest university in Israel, and it offers
studies in Judaism, the social and the natural sciences, law, mathematics,
and in many other fields. At the same time it is a renowned scientific
and research institute. On the occasion of this visit the Jewish Museum
and the Jewish Community in Prague signed with Bar-Ilan University a
declaration on mutual cooperation and assistance in disseminating and
deepening the knowledge of Judaism and Jewish history amongst the members
of the Jewish Community and other interested parties from the Czech
general public.
July: a group of thirty-five prominent members of the executive
committee of the American Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture visited
the museum led by their president Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler and vice-president
Dr. Jerry Hochbaum. Among the guests were a number of distinguished
personages of Jewish organizations and political figures from the United
States, Europe, and Israel. The Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture
intensively cooperates with the Jewish Museum in Prague, an example
of which is their financial support for the activities of the Educational
and Cultural Center. Also in July the Jewish Museum welcomed still one
more particularly meaningful visit. Immediately after a meeting with
representatives from NATO, which took place in Madrid at the beginning
of the month, Madelaine Albright, the American Secretary of State, came
to Prague. Her first steps after her arrival led to the Jewish Museum
in Prague where while being accompanied by the museum’s director, Dr.
Leo Pavlát, and secretary of the Federation of Jewish Communites in
the Czech Republic, Dr. Tomáš Kraus, she visited the memorial to Jewish
victims of the holocaust in the Pinkas Synagogue. Among the almost 80,000
names of Czech Jews who did not survive the holocaust listed here are
also the names of two grandparents of Secretary of State Albright. During
her short visit Mrs. Albright also took a walk through the Old Jewish
Cemetery.
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